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文章2023年12月8日1 分钟阅读

集体投资计划投资教育系列 (第二部分)

集体投资计划投资教育系列 (第二部分)

为什么要投资及投资多元化的重要性
与传统投资组合相比,跨不同资产类别的 投资多元化 可以有效降低风险。随着柬埔寨证券交易监管机构近期批准 首个集体投资计划基金的推出,柬埔寨投资者现在有机会进一步保护其投资组合。

集体投资计划现在允许投资者将资产分散到 更多合法的跨国投资产品中,从而降低整体投资风险。

此外,投资活动仅通过 获得柬埔寨证券交易监管机构批准的基金经理进行,为投资者提供了额外的保障。目前,柬埔寨证券交易监管机构批准的首只集体投资计划基金为富亚亚洲股票基金,由富亚资产管理 (柬埔寨) 有限公司管理。

投资多元化并非新概念,它已被全球金融领袖广泛推广和推荐。正如世界第六大富豪、著名投资人 沃伦·巴菲特 (Warren Buffett) 所言:“永远不要依赖单一收入来源,通过投资创造第二收入来源。”

投资有多种好处,其中最主要的是 财富增值,帮助投资者实现财务独立。对于柬埔寨人来说,这意味着不必过度担忧自身财务状况,同时还能作为 额外收入来源,补充日常收入。

更重要的是,投资可以 抵御通货膨胀,在物价上涨时保持购买力,从而增加财务自由度。投资带来的财富增长效果可参考下图 (图 1)。

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投资者自然期望随着投资的持续,资产能够长期增值。然而,必须注意的是 所有投资均存在一定风险。通常收益越高,风险也越大。通过 分散投资至受监管的金融产品,可有效降低这些风险。

目前,柬埔寨投资者主要通过两种方式积累财富:银行定期存款 和 土地相关投资。根据 CEIC 数据,2023 年 8 月,柬埔寨银行存款总额创历史新高,达到 409 亿美元,较一年前的 370 亿美元 增长显著。

❖ 其他类型的投资

Screenshot 2024-09-26 at 15.42.18.png

投资者可选择的投资类型非常多样,从 低风险投资 (如银行存款、投资级债券) 到 高风险投资 (如私募债、私募股权),在极端情况下,投资者可能会失去全部投入的资本。

❖ 投资多元化
投资多元化是指将资金分散投资于 不同资产类别(银行存款、股票、债券、房地产等)、不同国家 (如香港/中国、美国、日本、新加坡、泰国等) 以及 不同行业板块 (银行、消费、科技、地产等)。其主要目标是分散风险,使某项投资出现损失时,不会对整体投资组合造成重大影响。投资多元化能够显著降低整体风险。

以股票类集体投资计划基金为例,投资股票的风险可通过多元化来降低。这通常通过构建一个 股票组合 (Portfolio) 实现,例如投资 30 只不同的股票。多元化带来的好处不仅来自于增加投资股票的数量,还包括跨 不同国家 和 不同行业板块 的投资,例如银行、地产、消费、通讯、科技等。通过增加基金持有的股票数量,投资组合的风险可以大幅降低。

下图 (图 3) 展示了随着投资股票数量增加,风险的降低效果:

Screenshot 2024-09-26 at 15.45.24.png

需要注意的是,随着投资组合中股票数量的增加,风险降低会逐渐趋于极限。剩余风险被称为 市场风险 (如图 3 中的 * 标示),这是无法通过多元化消除的。例如,发生大规模战争或全球性疫情(超过新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 的规模) 时,投资者仍会面临市场风险。

❖ 投资多元化的实际挑战

对于个人投资者而言,实现投资多元化可能存在一些困难:

  1. 投资金额过小,难以分散到不同资产类别或购买足够数量的股票;
  2. 交易成本较高,可能影响整体投资回报;
  3. 投资者缺乏时间或专业知识来跟踪不同投资,可能导致不采取行动;
  4. 投资纪律不足,难以持续维持投资策略。

因此,柬埔寨投资者通常也应将资产分散到更多 合法投资 中。合理的多元化策略可包括部分投资于 定期存款、土地类投资 以及 集体投资计划基金。

❖ 集体投资计划基金 (CIS)

集体投资计划基金将来自不同投资者的资金汇集起来进行统一投资,每位投资者仍保有其基金单位的所有权与控制权。基金再将资金投资于 股票、债券、房地产 等资产。

以股票类集体投资计划基金为例,由柬埔寨证券交易监管机构授权的专业基金经理 负责具体投资操作。投资者可自主选择投资或退出时机。不同基金具有不同的投资策略和目标,可满足不同风险偏好的投资者需求。集体投资计划基金为投资者提供了一种 便捷实现投资及投资多元化目标的途径。

集体投资计划基金的优势包括:

  • 专业管理:由柬埔寨证券交易监管机构授权的基金经理管理,并经柬埔寨证券交易监管机构审批可向公众销售;
  • 投资多元化:部分基金投资于 跨国、多行业的股票组合,有效分散风险;
  • 低门槛投资:初始投资金额可低至 500 美元,即可持有约 30 只股票的基金单位;
  • 流动性与透明度:投资者可每日买卖基金单位,基金净值每日在当地媒体公开披露。

❖ 投资原则

投资应在 合理回报与可控风险 的前提下进行。个人投资者应选择 受柬埔寨证券交易监管机构监管、由柬埔寨证券交易监管机构 授权基金经理管理的金融产品。投资基金单位前,投资者需先向柬埔寨证券交易监管机构申请投资者身份识别号。投资者应通过多元化策略 降低投资风险。集体投资计划基金不仅提供便捷投资途径,还带来多元化等其他投资收益。

本文资料来源 Securities & Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC)

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